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漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

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见习秘书  发表于 2015-1-5 13:23:16 |阅读模式 打印 上一主题 下一主题
 
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) {! c. I% I8 Z/ r N2 z1 mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ) t! v9 j* V6 @: V$ _# S! W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ N! `$ `0 D$ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) A0 Z" e4 J8 d% C z& z% E"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 B& ^4 b. \5 `: C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 J' [8 E$ [" E/ _ l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 A$ [& w9 B( j, r% e' Q! _"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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& Z0 U5 p6 @5 D+ p' g+ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ! O& K9 e c8 `7 g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, M' W3 g+ c# A2 P: y [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ U/ y- T. S3 h }) a$ c "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,$ E' C L, H* ?; l' Z+ Z 5 y( D; `% \2 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, , A& K5 S/ [2 m5 N3 `- j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 5 o; i' b) R! V+ D6 ?, [4 W- \3 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 Y% Q \& |; }" Y& a2 X"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 0 e' j$ P" V5 F) e; i mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, % N6 M! l; j/ u4 h* { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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% G9 N M9 [- ~( P: | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,) Y R; m8 N. o* g7 U& Y- r : K: y9 k. g4 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 h3 L7 F# g- K* Z$ R+ ["Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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/ y5 g7 ?8 _" ?8 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, / K( h+ |( O$ L) w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ , J' d, P. V1 \宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” t% o3 i, X7 d7 W4 r. u* F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 5 o3 U% |! J8 X) z1 M2 `2 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ o. Y" d# G- `; ?$ ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 4 R; P, s* h, ~6 U! ^2 h% D, o- M; [font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( H! c3 n& U' y6 S, p"Times New Roman"">前者为因, : r" T. O _8 i8 X mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ( j+ X ?2 {6 U/ ~! P! l1 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . }, B; _% ~+ a7 t! L5 c ["Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 3 P9 P. |* j8 @7 y9 W% ~* r# a% q' ]% S5 Y9 O' X2 w4 wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 1 d- ^& P+ A2 m5 ~4 M5 C1 K8 j0 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 1 R1 K, C& E+ Qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ f1 f& I' O5 G "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, ) S# |7 y( o. G6 L' t. o/ S" U 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: - F4 T- z4 y6 |6 q" \9 f) tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( v$ U. D/ L; B9 E" V) R"Times New Roman"">“ 8 V. c( n' ]7 T) ]. B1 h% omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? 8 l( L& V) b9 k2 t" o/ v9 ]% z3 K# F9 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 7 z7 \. C* F( K! @% B+ h$ O- ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, . t8 K1 S; h2 x3 Y! ?) u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: Y8 V$ \5 G6 R"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ' O3 I7 ~, r. A/ n6 S5 }3 K' x2 v+ C' u% x, z- T) f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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+ l& v& s4 s! ?mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 X3 r3 ~( F, i6 @! b- | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, . U* v% g* r/ M$ t* j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . x" v* e8 N/ ~9 v9 F9 m, a"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,5 s7 w( u. k' e9 N1 S( W% x r 7 b# Z+ s# K$ f+ C& z% `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 1 n6 D x6 O+ I; D6 l. ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - f7 K1 ` [6 G6 S9 ]"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, - {6 V* @5 d: `4 c# ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 9 y3 U3 R5 w, H* \# u) ~8 o) U mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里8 K4 N1 z: z& Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 - j% R* V, [* q' Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元( f3 h0 C) A( ]3 ]: v5 F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 0 l9 _0 w k/ I% l8 V' a' w. ]+ f" w) yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# j5 f+ T( c1 E "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用) N* |$ `; G3 |. i6 H i8 j6 S 12.0pt">, $ c& Z8 ?7 @; | "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 2 C1 t7 Y5 |" V, I3 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' _4 l9 O, W$ N2 k' J, A; | c; m"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, & K# y. d3 k' u6 U4 R. V1 ~" d, hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!. Y* v$ l1 Y/ D4 \4 Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ' ^3 y/ U! L" Q; z0 Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 j8 n0 X: O% y- C$ [; l* Q0 Z" ~+ E"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: + ?! `8 s9 s! g* l* e7 s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, n" v) t2 F; G3 }) O3 L$ g, b 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ! l* {7 ]( h6 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 ?; ^3 b7 L, G9 K2 k "Times New Roman"">“ * f: e# c+ |: K, B! o# V Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”4 `& r8 B- t5 d& w2 n12.0pt"> 2 l( r ]; n% e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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" u. f2 `. g# o! z; } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, " b% P; O1 V. @7 d* _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ( F9 P9 R& D2 G+ P$ Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. ~( Q) v g# h: C( n: o I "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ! M1 V4 M9 P) Z: Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, " M6 k- X/ b$ u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, ( [* W& `) o. f5 Z7 [$ \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: t# c* u! @3 o/ H2 H8 E! u9 g "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! B+ L5 l# a0 T! r% S3 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” $ T1 r/ Z m$ O: f1 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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# Q5 f. v$ H1 d$ W' D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ; [/ q, w K G. x: J0 P w* s' zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( k( d! H; ~# t- i1 p- _"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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$ G6 {8 N8 H2 L. s mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, + \, E$ G) _& q+ z. z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, , w8 h* l& q* {8 d% W$ ^9 Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:+ Q$ L. C) S) B8 ^7 y! C% d4 n9 U "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 6 E8 R! } }) z0 O$ {- m8 J U; t2 i. s9 z) Q4 U- l+ _7 V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ! I W: H! J2 t: hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 W+ l# M( a& w6 F7 ~"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 z7 j8 n8 `! w# n \2 P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 9 {* g6 r/ h! [( s$ ]* i4 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; T# N2 P$ v# @"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题# N F. P0 Y1 X" l. g$ o12.0pt">: / E8 A$ G2 n+ v2 r "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 2 R- ?$ f L- Y' F$ P9 vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & o" o+ }" e3 `0 o* @"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才2 C" y/ V. \- N! d12.0pt">, $ Y9 ^, s5 ^- e: v# @"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) c: e! i- P1 r9 n5 \. vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 P: v" E+ c1 ]"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 8 B* b8 _% C4 c2 t3 Cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, t. [ r# ~. o. | d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, / X, M+ \) C) ~. J/ k$ {; q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . n: W% N6 k( o6 m. h6 H3 }"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题6 X, ]. `8 B! z. c6 O5 T12.0pt">; ?0 A+ x9 n1 Y7 r- V9 h "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, , Y6 E* Z8 t8 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. E9 I( |& o q: \) [! ? W, | "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求5 T" A' T* N5 i) H! z4 o0 s 12.0pt">: 9 P7 h; @7 e8 |' r7 Z! z" ?' \9 Z"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; " a! X1 d0 \2 v font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& f9 L% u0 |6 G5 g! L# ~( } "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " j% S$ d. u" _5 f [ }: bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ) a M6 R' s- j: u! Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 F( n# y8 v: |0 @0 X- d "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统: T- g$ v9 r! e7 h 12.0pt">:

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% S0 N! k3 }- \: i, q6 _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,9 J7 K+ @- x! d+ j" D / V! c C8 M' K7 N& v4 x2 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ?, L: Y) v @! z, x% p"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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& b7 B4 Y7 J D$ v" Z; V% ? mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 4 M9 f1 D# x: `5 M+ k font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( [0 A: _( ^: B "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 2 p4 c! q6 }; q5 l& t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 2 s3 @7 L ]9 x/ T: pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:9 c4 b0 |+ |3 G; m "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 4 [' p7 R! \/ `6 L5 @: Y* J& T& S0 M6 c9 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, ( ]& B0 _( {; s! c; l% J% [. T0 a, Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! w, f- f8 @( t5 M2 \+ E: z"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, * {" h5 \' T* D4 i6 Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, , W M$ K) {, y' s, E" S3 f8 S+ f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: " k2 S, ~! R' V/ |3 l0 i0 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:" o. S. Y& J6 m7 W "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 8 s" x2 {6 x1 h! r. X! l5 i' w- Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, / I' R% [) y4 X) j& J. G+ `/ p4 r6 Tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 I! p6 o( s" U8 g! W2 d "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, . l6 T9 y" S2 D* X% b& U( L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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P5 ]8 X6 [" ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, W6 M0 _5 ]- H5 u font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 T% O3 G1 ?1 F% @7 W "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# C+ |* |+ J* n* n 12.0pt">, \& g, ?( F1 q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, / J0 i- @8 i* D/ T- s7 Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ f% i. G$ `* k "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:# i9 @& P6 x; p. s: ~ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, . G. \; G" R# K# Q" L9 T宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ' i. H% R `4 |$ H+ E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: E$ A A, N X* @( V- r0 ]2 ` "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, # N. d2 A! Y9 ]1 z+ G: B3 o# k2 Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 2 p, ]/ I0 x0 f( S- P9 y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# @5 t' a( K) T# h4 _ "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ) |+ y, O1 q4 f2 u8 b; L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 4 r5 R8 b/ f& h5 h' k 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, , y( t4 J5 u( {$ \" t; ` font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 u, J- w. X" U5 t f) u" @ "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊

 
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