漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

! S) g" B9 s7 z7 f5 U5 D7 S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 1 z$ G/ B% V1 p/ r1 E( M$ M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, . M. q" P0 l& j5 z! {8 O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 6 m% F. L7 O# U* ^2 J$ i" h; ]2 { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,9 m# N3 F' `2 x+ `4 F+ _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * v6 S, H! Y- i2 a; T"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

 

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4 Y7 W, V. r2 f" qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & p/ G$ |/ p2 t2 E1 Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 0 E6 S: J( l4 A/ efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 0 z- K* s, L+ o3 x* e( U"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, ' }- x5 a: x2 B# k, d# `( I/ o! s- U) d7 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, ( D/ t A5 O% l, X* x7 m. j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, # y' P+ l1 ~" [0 v& [) V( | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 V$ B- ~% Q# ["Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 3 d$ a2 ~5 K( C4 J2 O) T' V, K" N& {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, / [- i! s1 \* ^. o% L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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. A! C( Z; P* q. }& X2 G) F9 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, % q2 u- Z5 C( z; e; ^$ ^ A& I- M6 M* K* b% Z/ K0 g3 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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) Q$ @( o% ~& e* S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ; G; m8 H( D/ F8 C) H2 j" K' r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; w! M7 [ L% h! U& x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 1 g8 W# Y* {7 F+ j4 l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ; [' v0 ^" l$ V9 q M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” : j# y6 w8 r! Q' z. b! I+ k$ M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 6 R' m5 U9 P; \% A. S- X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, & j! [- y6 f0 ^- s. U) o. N5 O) {% Smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ! k4 ^9 Z" J- f; N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' f! g( Y) [* |* E"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, ' L5 z+ m: K1 ^. V# Y: `3 J; {6 v1 Y9 l- L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, & v: ~. o" v) S; B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; |; {6 d% s& Y$ l0 O- Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, # |% r# Q$ U3 f4 \8 E+ l/ c宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . O/ y+ I! {; j2 l+ y9 I% Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + B1 `- E) |( V0 j5 J1 W) B; p9 b"Times New Roman"">“ ) J8 Q+ Q! h( j7 r5 w( W8 fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? : K) ^' s+ x7 h3 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 5 G; X6 M7 {4 T5 R8 d; f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, V4 y* ^' C# }8 N4 ~) \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : I4 X% h8 ^) S$ ~6 Q6 S"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 0 X% \+ _0 V3 K$ ?% s. X$ S& umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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* H5 O; G9 q2 Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 - V8 T. J( u7 ~: F; M$ H& l 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 5 ]9 {+ _1 }8 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * u5 I1 j1 m7 h8 I$ `; r2 S0 G"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 5 f. l* p3 w7 ]5 @) E' c' D2 c T' S) b+ ?- [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, , W3 Q4 h' ?1 F# f' e$ e% G* B( ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " X$ B) v n+ X/ E0 u! a$ N" `"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, , U( b: v% l/ C9 Z) Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 + ~9 J5 c0 w) f% ~( T* g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里" c# w9 E* L }! R2 _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 4 H- [: j2 \7 P* C/ N, ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(! W4 o, i6 F; ]8 ^) [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ) a6 w% x( I2 [* G! H* t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 l: K' M- }6 m"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 K7 y' e8 X, \+ i- { 12.0pt">, 5 J: s- \# i- q1 U "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, * B5 |5 }2 j# ~/ Y" O" hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 B# h( M3 B( |' |6 pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 s+ Y9 W2 ~7 h" u, I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, & ^: d2 w$ B- p9 m! @/ {' @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: - i4 s) N0 W( B/ k0 e# amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ) E% u& k1 @4 [0 l/ q# w 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 7 G& N! p5 U3 C; Q! o7 k) | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 l9 p6 p# O8 Z"Times New Roman"">“ , t8 C+ r, Z5 e4 I6 j, b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”; H& c* S$ k" _; y- g 12.0pt"> - c' ]- p Z# N6 }, K% q! r/ |# `"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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i. V4 |/ V9 E7 \" m( o mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, , {. h* o) m; s) R; P4 ?+ N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, ! Y( Z4 r/ p: q7 j' y9 ^' b0 Efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' B7 y: ^ H6 E" A$ i0 e"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 2 }" ]/ b5 ~1 t5 u; _- Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 1 D8 i& W2 e- y) o7 E% t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 5 S% s( c8 w4 M) c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ) k4 P% O/ D+ L" V2 h mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 }& Q* N# l" L5 m& q) K. Y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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( E1 b' W# H7 w/ ^7 N- l3 Q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ' C: c+ h) v# S! r+ C' Q6 h, \7 ]5 h* n4 ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 ]7 A) m7 }2 I& d6 J4 \"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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, I5 H) b& u8 X& @7 G- G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, ) f' V0 j4 V9 f7 p5 n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ( F/ K8 m7 d$ U( qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % o/ B: q6 f; f' X" d6 T5 O' x"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, ; H% [! n! @8 g3 K5 j9 k; @/ |9 Z8 A r7 ?& t& H/ }6 w1 G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ( @6 p. K8 { z. f6 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - M+ ]) t. t6 p0 E& J"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,5 i5 H7 z# A& J: v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ; m/ H/ p3 h4 o- W) r' B Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 ]1 H# Q4 J" @5 S9 T"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题: W: L$ t% \* T" u4 D12.0pt">: % L, z, I- H9 H9 r) H) i* M "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: * c: e, N0 V/ lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& X7 U( A, m: ?( z. h$ {: c. a0 c7 H' t 12.0pt">, ' L+ P# Q/ L9 D! c& d2 H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, , i$ Y# l& F9 g8 |% x; { font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; " s0 ?' A3 q; f; Y4 H* M+ g) V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ]! t+ W4 e6 n; e6 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ; e; g( w: r1 P6 p) Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 X( E5 y/ Y" J2 s% X! g"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题9 R$ A8 \! v& Z* Y 12.0pt">; 9 R% D) E, V, p, j "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 3 q: E# K2 E9 v8 `2 Q& ?$ k$ Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求+ M; i/ j3 ?9 X$ o' \ 12.0pt">: % c5 v" K! V9 K9 o! Q"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 4 x+ d: j( k* }0 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 d" I' w/ k! D# Y8 m; x"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 5 l# [# \1 m8 @& qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 0 O5 }; d {8 G) y8 P4 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 @0 `4 @2 ^1 U7 Y% c' _"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统1 E3 F9 ]: C% t' z( f) }# J 12.0pt">:

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; I: t& d9 c2 L% ~1 G/ k3 {4 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ % N) f# ~4 ]1 T; o7 C* k9 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 0 {, q% ^6 z4 p6 x% M# V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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* J7 y0 {& ^- S5 C) L( `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, & ^' T* h: R9 `* u- p2 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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) A" ^) K5 b3 j, O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, & {& m1 h) G$ K( X% Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, % S5 k' g# ^) a8 s' r6 Q0 E# y j宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, / p* U9 L' U' E- t% W0 N1 d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: : t) t6 H6 A. S, ?. i$ q# C"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 3 V7 k2 o+ N& k3 _6 L0 _& U% j# a x8 q/ Z+ O mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, * C+ w1 f% I s% T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / {9 C* s$ A Y$ n5 z1 T' g"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, % Y4 P2 S# W' D. b* d% B mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, ( X6 f8 R, ?3 {# D8 I& J7 H+ L j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: & f4 s, d7 g2 @# Q }0 ^2 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: O. F, |' ?7 w, V, @" {"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 4 V' V) v' n( ~* `* f4 `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 9 `9 N: {6 X7 S: p4 M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, , d* W( [. U4 Y1 Y7 W7 F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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4 h# s$ f% m! Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- `6 ^! u, e$ T; ~; O9 g: ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + x1 f) G; i# `0 R" \. C"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定# S1 y, P" F( d) Y2 j; Y& X 12.0pt">, 3 N. l+ }( R. G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, " _) Q$ }( l: h& q+ x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:* c" t1 K2 V7 k5 ~+ S( o0 y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 7 H" @, o$ L" r2 k" D- D. ^, Q M7 M 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 4 E, T0 h$ s, H2 X% S font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , p+ \: |1 A/ H N; h! k"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 2 K* z; e0 w) ^$ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, * C* d) J" m$ r' A* z" f font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 2 d( |, i1 v* P0 i1 A( P6 ]7 \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ l0 A4 l j2 k( Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, ! r4 m+ f% S% q7 `/ v; G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊